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Archive > Volume 32 Issue 10 > 2025,32(10):993-1009. DOI:10.3872/j.issn.1007-385X.2025.10.001 Prev Next
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Tumor immunotherapy centered on tumor neoantigens: from molecular mechanisms to AI-assisted antigen identification and TCR recognition
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Abstract:
[Abstract] Tumor neoantigens are aberrant peptides unique to tumor cells, which can be recognized by the immune system and have become a research hotspot in precision tumor immunotherapy. This article provides an overview of the diverse molecular origins of tumor neoantigens, analyzes the antigen processing and presentation mechanisms of MHC class Ⅰ/Ⅱ molecules, and explores the critical role of cross-presentation in immune recognition. It also analyzes the structural and signal transduction characteristics of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex, emphasizes the importance of immunogenicity evaluation, and elaborates on the progress of high-throughput omics and artificial intelligence/deep learning in neoantigen discovery and the prediction of MHC-peptide and TCR-peptide-MHC interactions. Additionally, it introduces the application prospects and challenges of neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines and adoptive cell therapy in solid tumors, discusses the limitations of neoantigen prediction, tumor immune escape, and ethical issues, and looks forward to the significance of technologies such as single-cell spatial transcriptomics for immunotherapy design, TCR molecular design, and the construction of a global neoantigen repository.
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