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Review
Mechanisms and clinical research advances of therapeutic HPV vaccines
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Abstract:
[Abstract] Therapeutic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines induce specific immune responses against viral oncoproteins to achieve the goals of eliminating persistent viral infection and inhibiting tumor progression. Various therapeutic vaccines based on different platforms have shown good safety and certain immunogenicity in clinical studies, but clinical efficacy remains limited by factors such as delivery efficiency, insufficient immunogenicity, and immune evasion. This review focuses on the key technological approaches of therapeutic HPV vaccines, systematically summarizes the mechanisms and representative clinical evidence of various platforms, highlights the latest progress in novel nucleic acid platforms and delivery technologies, exploration of new targets such as E2/E5, heterologous prime-boost immunization, and combination therapeutic strategies, and summarizes current evidence gaps and translational challenges, providing a basis for subsequent vaccine regimen optimization, combination therapeutic strategy design, and clinical translation.
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